The new wax used was black in color, and the cylinders were initially called New High Speed Hard Wax Moulded Records until the name was changed to Gold Moulded. Incredibly resilient creatures, bits are. Although a square-socket drive had been. Lag screws are much thicker in diameter, have a coarser thread, and reach much longer lengths. If all else fails, use a drill to get all the metal out of the hole. Phillips, the managing director of the Oregon Copper Company, a mining outfit in. This technology was applied to axe making by 1765 to make the cutting edge section of the head. They were invented by Canadian traveling salesman Peter Robertson around 1906. The history of watches began in 16th-century Europe, where watches evolved from portable spring-driven clocks, which first appeared in the 15th century. This design continues. ”The general principle of the. The tamper-resistant hex drive (also known as a pin-in hex drive) makes them difficult to remove without special tools. /365 pcs) Shop this Collection. This works on Phillips head, hex, Torx, and pentalobe security screws found in common electronic gadgets. A nylon patch bonded to the threads of these metric screws adds friction to prevent loosening from vibration. More Options Available $ 99. Flat irons were also called sad irons or smoothing irons. patent titled “Inside-Wall Covering” on May 23, 1890. . Coil spring Also known as a helical spring. A Robertson screw, also known as a square screw [1] or Scrulox, [2] is a type of screw with a square -shaped socket in the screw head and a corresponding square protrusion on the tool. Green Robertson screwdriver (#1) operates with screw types 5, 6, and 7, with a recess size range of 2. Wood Screws. the earliest manufactured nails (1790-1830) were operated by hand, later by water mills and still later by steam engines. S. Most television sets sold in the 2000s were flat-panel, mainly LEDs. Screws may be mildly magnetic. screws when attaching standard 5/8-inch-thick drywall to ceilings studs. Left to right: First form "1880 Wire Terminal Base" socket and bulb as used on the S. jack, as it currently stands, is the musical equivalent of a Phillips screwdriver, better than what we originally had (flathead screws) but also greatly. The modern screwdriver, as we now know it, was invented by Industrialist Henry F. Torx. Choose from our selection of 10-24 screws, including over 2,600 products in a wide range of styles and sizes. The most prevalent form is the ratcheting socket wrench,. Also known as transfer screws, these punches have a uniform shoulder height so you can quickly transfer multiple hole locations at once. Handheld screwdrivers first appeared after 1800. #2) Flat-Head. Make a 9/64 in. After that, things took off…after a fashion. A monkey wrench has been described as having both an L- and F-shaped appearance. Buy 5 or more $ 32. After explaining that bolts and screws were different, here’s. Photo credit: Richard Warren Lipack / Wikimedia Commons. Phillips, who developed and patented his Phillips-head screwdriver in 1933. From 1811 these were produced from rolled sections of plate iron, cut into strips of the same width as the length of the nail. The handle also heated up, which posed problems for users. Drywall screws were invented in 1950. The screws tend to be lightweight and relatively small. When was the slot screw invented? The first documentation of the tool is in the medieval Housebook of Wolfegg Castle, a manuscript written sometime between 1475 and 1490. The screw in the center is machine-made around 1830. In 1797, Englishmen,. A flathead engine, also known as a sidevalve engine [1] [2] or valve-in-block engine, is an internal combustion engine with its poppet valves contained within the engine block, instead of in the cylinder head, as in an overhead valve engine . Allows for slightly longer thread grip. 6 kg), and hard to move. In stock and ready to ship. That is a remnant of the square nail stock. Set a marking gauge to the pencil line and gauge a line at each location you need a screw. The watch was developed by inventors and. 1. A cheese head screw is one with a cylindrical head. In stock and ready to ship. 1800 B. The driver used for this type of screw was an automatic screwdriver and was favored over slotted screwdrivers as the slotted driver would often slip and be generally hard to line up and use. The most popular flat heads are slotted and Phillips head screws. Pocket hole machines. HeadLOK Structural Wood Screws – 6 inch flat head wood screws – Black (50 Pack) Compare. 3 in. On June 6, 1882, Henry W. Closely review the screws. Robertson invented a square-head screw. Made of 18-8 stainless steel, they have good chemical resistance and may be mildly magnetic. #9 x 1-1/2-in Mechanically Galvanized Strong-Drive SD Exterior Wood Screws (100-Per Box) Model # SD9112R100. It’s a head shape having nothing to do with the tool uesd to drive the screw. Flat head screws are cheap and a pain in the ass. So if you find a furniture item using screws that have completely rounded shafts, pointed ends, and perfectly finished heads with matching cuts (much like a screw you would purchase today), the piece likely dates to the mid-19th century or later. The Type 17 auger point and narrow body penetrate softwood and plastic-wood composite decking material. The pants he produced were known as “waist overalls,” and they were made of denim, a fabric that was popular at the time because it was tough, durable, and flexible. The Phillips-head (“ crosshead”) screw and screwdriver are named after him. Robertson to license out his screw design. A flat head screwdriver is a tool used to turn screws with a single slot in the head. -Box (870-Piece) Tan Deck Screws were designed to provide superior weather protection all while coordinating with your decking finish. Flathead screws. 13. When did the flat head screw come out? The screwdriver is a tool that has been around for centuries, with the first historical mention dating back to the 1500s. R. Metal screws and nuts seem to have been used as fasteners in the fifteenth century, although the heads of these screws were turned with a wrench and not a screwdriver — the screw heads were either square or hexagonal. As the name suggest it has a flat shape shaft tip with a single slot which engages with the slotted screw head only. In handmade screws, you will notice variation in size and shape of screws used in a piece of furniture. Screws: A screw is a metal fastener with a helical thread that winds around the screw. Hex Screwdriver or Hexagon Screwdriver. Robertson’s screws were superior to slot head screws since the square recess automatically centered the screwdriver, provided more surface area for the driver to press. Phillips screw heads allow a tighter fit than a flat head screw, which is why most factories and handymen use them. A screw driver or drill can be used to drive a screw into place. His Sackett Board would become “drywall. Compare $ 45. This is a small screwdriver that is used in small appliances, like your coffee maker, and home electronics, such as laptops and game consoles. Henry F. What is the meaning of Phillips head screwdriver? A Phillips screwdriver has a head with pointed edges in the shape of a cross , which fit neatly into the cross slots of a Phillips screw. These metric 316 stainless steel screws resist corrosion from chemicals and salt water better than 18-8 stainless steel screws. When Henry Phillips invented Phillips head screws in the mid 1930s, it revolutionized the manufacturing industry. The driver has a 123° point with a blunt tip, tapered wings. Flathead drivers were invented as a handy general purpose scraping/prying tool that can also be used to fasten Philips head screws if you can't find the correct driver. The last quarter of the nineteenth century saw a standardization in transit design. A C-clamp or G-clamp or G-cramp is a type of clamp device typically used to hold a wood or metal workpiece, and often used in, but are not limited to, carpentry and welding. Phillips, an American businessman. By the 1830s, many designs with a central screw and. In stock and ready to ship. Around the time of the Industrial Revolution, about 1860, the methods of making nails, screws, hinges and latches, and of milling lumber, changed often. Tapered thread machines were not invented until 1842 in the US. Invented at the same time as the crown cork, it is the original bottle opener. Metal screws. When were phillips head screw drivers invented? The phillips head screw was invented in the 1930's and received its patent in 1936. For screws measured in inches, diameters of 1/4 inch and smaller (for machine and sheet metal screws) or 5/16 inch and smaller (for wood screws) are expressed with a # and a whole number (ex. Slotted screws and flathead screwdrivers had issues. for pricing and availability. In manufacturing, a countersink (symbol: ⌵) is a conical hole cut into a manufactured object, or the cutter used to cut such a hole. The Gauge is 8. Nails have been in use since the beginning of the Bronze Age, ca. Torx screws were invented in 1967, by Camcar Textron, as an improvement on contemporary drive types. Choose a length that will penetrate the lowest board by 2/3 of its thickness. With a tensile strength of 170, 000 psi, these alloy steel screws are among the strongest we carry. Often the crests of these screws were flat and show a slight burr of metal where the thread cutting tool has deformed rather than removed the upper surface. A lug nut is a nut fastener with one rounded or conical (tapered) end, used on steel and most aluminum wheels. "ABR-1" style Tune-o-matic bridge with thumbwheel adjustment and a stopbar "Nashville" style Tune-o-matic with "strings through the body" construction (without a stopbar) and screw slots facing away from the neck. Phillips Small-Head Drilling Screwsfor Joining Drywall to Metal Framing. It has been thought that such devices were used to. Because there is still a lot of tooling for flat head screws, from the manufacturing of, to the screwdrivers in your home. It’s also believed a flat-bladed tool in 1744 for carpenters is where the origin of the screwdriver lies. Flathead High School, a school in Kalispell, MontanaMasonry screws are available in two types: a flat head for countersinking, or a hex washer head to sit on the top of the surface of the material. In 1935 Phillips filed a patent application that modified the Thompson design slightly and tailored it for production lines, in which screw guns were becoming commonplace. Package Quantity: 50. They were invented to cope with higher torsion. By 1940, 85% of the screw manufacturing companies had secured a license from Phillips to produce his design. Levi Strauss is credited for the invention of pockets. Information on Screw Threads. Need a pilot hole drilled unless screw is self-tapping. The most common type of screw head is the flat head. Over time, manufacturers bred screws for. It has sharp, even threads, a cylindrical shape, blunt end and the slot is again off-center. Different types of screw heads include Slotted, Square or Robertson, Trox or Star, etc. BINDER / BINDING UNDERCUT BUGLE BUTTON FILLISTER FLAT 100 FLAT 100. It improved the profile and introduced the screw to the market in 1936/37. They needed screws that could take greater torque and could provide tighter fastenings. Nylok is a value-added solutions provider of resin, adhesive and lubricant coatings for threaded fastener applications. Two views of three screws: The one on the left was handmade in the late 18th century. Pivoted scissors were not manufactured in large numbers until 1761, when Robert Hinchliffe of Sheffield produced the first pair of modern-day scissors made of hardened and polished cast steel. In Germany, around 1440, the goldsmith Johannes Gutenberg invented the movable-type printing press, which started the Printing Revolution. Now place the nut centered on top of the screw. The exact origin of flat head screws is not known, but it is believed that they have been in use for several centuries. Two thread-forming self-tapping screws with different heads. 25 for an apprentice. S. In their. Their turns (loops) are normally touching in the unloaded. was not “invented” in the traditional sense in 1879 by Thomas Alva Edison, although he could be said to have created the first. A set of lug nuts is typically used to secure a wheel to threaded wheel studs and thereby to a vehicle's axles . It is a type of anchor that, for example, allows screws to be fitted into. Originally designed to enable the screws to be made using cold forming of the heads,: 79–81 the taper has two other advantages. At its launch in 1932, with 65 hp (Chevy's six had 60 hp), Ford's 221-cid V8 made national headlines, but it was initially plagued by overheating, lubrication and reliability issues. But the story of Torx screws isn’t all sunshine and repair daisies. All three principal types of resonator guitars were invented by the Slovak-American John Dopyera (1893–1988) for the National and Dobro (Dopyera Brothers) companies. Henry Frank Phillips (June 4, 1889 – April 13, 1958) was an American businessman from Portland, Oregon. The earliest known reference to an elevator is in the works of the Roman architect Vitruvius, who reported that Archimedes (c. The screwdriver has come a long way since then, and is now an essential tool for many different trades and professions. Although the actual inventor of scissors is hard to identify, Robert Hinchliffe, of Sheffield, England, should be rightfully acknowledged as the father of modern scissors. a flat self-sealing. The Robertson screw with a square head came out in 1908, the Phillips head screw was invented in 1930, and tiny screws often found in gadgets such as iPhones and laptops were introduced in the 21st century. Flat 100 Undercut Head - Used instead of flat 100 for some short screws. 18-8 stainless steel screws have good chemical resistance and are a good choice for ACQ-treated (arsenic-free) lumber. Technically, a slotted screw head will accept more torque than a phillips head. Flat Head Screw Assortments. The flanks of the Phillips cross-head screws taper off towards the tip. Green Exterior Self-Starting Star Flat-Head Wood Deck Screws #9 (5 lbs. Columbia - first commercial installation of Edison electric lighting system; Second form "1880 Wire Terminal Base" socket and. The Model T car. Heads are one-third smaller than those of other drywall screws. more and better ways of sealing food items were being researched, invented, and patented. When the patents were granted in 1933, the rights. Fit in countersunk holes for a flush finish. There's a good video on YouTube that goes over the history of the Phillips and robertson screws. S. Domed: The flat inner part helps this dome-shaped head sit flush on the surface. Can confirm. From the. Invented in the 19th century, the first monkey wrenches were made from flat pieces of iron and measured 24 inches (61 centimeters) long. In 1908, square-drive screws were invented by Canadian P. In 1641, the English firm, Hindley of York, improved this device and it became widely used. They explain that since nails in antique furniture often fall out, the piece may have empty nail holes left in it. It was invented in Europe and has been around for more than 500 years. Crosshair capstan screws and primary optics tube adjustments were located closer to the eyepiece. His design featured a cross-shaped recess that was shallower and wider than other screw types, which allowed for greater engagement. The auto industry ate this up making them dominant in the early 1900s. The angle of the hole is important because it determines how deep the screw or bolt will be sunk into the material. Early 19th century - Until about 1846, screws were made. Choose from our selection of hex head screws, including over 35,100 products in a wide range of styles and sizes. With a tensile strength of 170, 000 psi, these alloy steel screws are among the strongest we carry. L. In 1770, English instrument maker, Jesse Ramsden (1735-1800) invented the first. When was the Phillips head screw invented? In contrast to the Robertson screw, the Phillips screw is by far the more popular of the two. The late 1800s finally made screws a usable option on a large scale due to better machining techniques being made available. They have a broad screw head and come in sizes from 1/4 to 14x1. Metal screws and bolts first appeared in Europe in the 1400s but did not become common fasteners until the 18th century, when machine tools were developed to make them. The first pair of jeans were created by Levi’s partner Jacob Davis in 1873. They’re somewhat more expensive to produce. Choose from a range of period authentic finishes to match your hardware, new or old. that require a flat head. Rybczynski (2000) describes a flurry of patents for alternative drive types in the 1860s to the 1890s in the U. The 1700’s boasts a few possibilities for an origin. [a] A popular generic name for the drive is star, as in star screwdriver or star bits. When the screw’s thread engages with the wood, move your fingers that were holding the screw in place to the screwdriver shank. Hex Screwdriver or Hexagon Screwdriver. Hutchinson's "boxing gloves" were the flat end of the stoppers (Graci 2003). Lookout, transport steamer on the Tennessee River, c. In the 1500s, screws appeared in German watches, and were used to fasten suits of armor. Eventually, the concepts specific to screw manufacturing were also applied to the manufacture of other items. that could continually produce five screws at a time. Between 1770 and 1798, Jesse Ramsden, an English musical instrument maker, Henry Maudslay, an English engineer, and David Wilkins, an. Because of the individual nuances and variables in the handwork process, no two handmade screws are identical. According to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, toolmaker Joseph Whitworth devised Britain’s first standardized screw in 1841. A hinge is a mechanical bearing that connects two solid objects, typically allowing only a limited angle of rotation between them. I’m prepared to be corrected, but I’ve been taught that “flathead screws” are of a shape meant to be installed flush with the surface. From the beginning the slotted head, driven by the flat-bladed driver, was the standard. L. Modern pocket hole machines are capable of routing low-angle pockets - as low as 3 degrees - creating more flush, stronger joints by minimizing the joint shift or “creep” that occurs when creating pockets and joints by using a pocket hole jig or by hand. 1930s. Country furniture made with these screws can easily be dated to the 10-year period 1846 to 1856. Some historians suggest that they may have been used in ancient Egypt, while others believe that they were first used in Europe during the 16th century. Also known as cross-head screwdrivers, Phillips screwdrivers are one of the most common types. The external threads on the screw can either mate with an internally threaded nut or hole, or cut its way into a soft material. The most reliable way to determine the age of furniture with screws is to research the type of screws and look up their era of production. Sit just above the surface for a low-profile finish and hold tighter than flat head screws. Yes, screws have been a long time in the making, and in this guide, we’ll talk about the history of the screw in great detail. ∙ 2017-10-31 01:28:43. Demonstration inclined plane used in education, Museo Galileo, Florence. All the shortlisted online casinos here offer a great variety of slot machines for players to enjoy, including classic and video variations with plenty of different themes to choose from. It has a tip measuring 2. They are available in flat head, countersunk head, and modified flush head with standard diameters of 1/8, 5/32, and 3/16 inch. L. This screw is commonly used for woodwork and decorative accessories. Phillips. The angle of the countersink hole is typically around 90° but can be anywhere from 60° to 120°. Often believed that these clamps are called "C" clamps because of their C-shaped frame, or also often called C-clamps or G-clamps [1] because including the screw. Lg. Bergström & Co. 1790-1810, most nails were made entirely by hand at the forge. 11,345 products. The company began with an automatic screw machine invented by Frank Sr. Phillips was invented to solve this problem. Entirely possible, but it's still fact that it cams out under significant torque, which is usually undesirable. It normally consists of two threaded eye bolts, one screwed into each end of a small metal frame, one with a left-hand thread and the other with a. Thompson patented a screw with a cross recess in 1933. When was the flat-head screwdriver invented? In 1744, the first screwdriver was invented. Henry F. They have wide heads, a flat bearing surface, high vertical, chamfered, or curved sides, and a flat or slightly domed top. C. From that time to the beginning of the 19th century, ca. Nonetheless, since these early screws were made by hand, threads were rarely precise and varied according to the preference of the craftsman. In fact, one of its initial selling points was that it was a patented, proprietary, security screw. Of the many that exist, the most common are: slotted, Phillips, combination (both slotted and Phillips), hex, hex socket, square, Torx® and spanner. Made of all bronze, they featured the same characteristic shape. Phillips bought the screw design from inventor John P. 80 mm. Our Recommendation: Deckmate #10 x 4 inch Red Star Flat-Head Wood Deck Screw—Get a 1-pound box from The Home Depot for $9. He sold the patent to the Phillips Screw Company. S. Specifically designed for woodworking applications. "Flathead, North American Indian tribe of what is now western Montana, U. Flat-head screw, a screw with a flat top, designed to be installed in a countersunk hole; Flathead engine, a valve configuration; Places. When were phillips head screw drivers invented? Wiki User. Rybczynski found mention of the slotted screw in a. If this doesn't work, try using a smaller flat head to find a spot that will grab. , whose original territory extended from the crest of the Bitterroot Range to the Continental Divide of the Rocky Mountains and centred on the upper reaches of the Clark Fork of the Columbia River. Modelled on the design of existing screw presses, a single Renaissance movable-type printing press could produce up to 3,600 pages per workday, compared to forty by hand-printing and a few by hand-copying. The first skateboards were made from roller skates attached to a board. Screw eyes are commonly used to attach cables to objects, for instance attaching a string to the back of a painting to allow the painting to hang from a nail on a wall. Each change is documented, and most are patented. Fisher, a car body maker for Ford Motor, was one of Robertson. It was the world's first national screw thread standard, and is the basis for many other standards, such as BSF, BSP, BSCon, and BSCopper. These screws were invented in the 1930s by Henry F. 4 / 11. But what is a Phillips head screwdriver? These tools are designed to fit screws with Phillips heads, which have a cross-shaped recess - hence the alternative name of cross screwdriver. Screws may be mildly magnetic. From a single mold, 120 to 150 cylinders could be produced every day. Use a slotted screwdriver (flat blade) for slotted, combination and one way. While arguably a more efficient design than the cross-shaped Phillips head, the square-drive Robertson head screw - shown here in a 1907 patent application - is much less common today. A Robertson screw, also known as a square screw or Scrulox, is a type of screw with a square-shaped socket in the screw head and a corresponding square protrusion on the tool. ”. Within the decade, almost all automakers were using Phillips. Their successors were able to achieve success by producing upwards of 16,000 screws a day using a team of only 30 people. Turning the screw was accomplished with a drive rod handle positioned through the perpendicular hole. ” in 1896 (ABA) to manufacture these worm. Metal handles had to be gripped in a pad or thick rag. Historical Background. For example, while a 1/8 inch flat-head is smaller than a 5/32 inch screw. They have a Torx drive that has more points of contact than other drives, allowing you to tighten the screw without damaging the recess. 1310 - Flute's sound is compared to the sound of the trumpet and trombone. ”. The screws were seen by repair experts,. The bugle head screw is a modern variation of the basic flathead screw. A washer is a thin plate (typically disk-shaped, but sometimes square) with a hole (typically in the middle) that is normally used to distribute the load of a threaded fastener, such as a bolt or nut. They were invented to cope with higher torsion. Handheld screwdrivers first appeared after 1800. The Robertson screw is considered the "first recess-drive. The #0 Phillips head screwdriver fits screw sizes 0 and 1. Technology. Made of 18-8 stainless steel, they have good chemical resistance and may be mildly magnetic. A Round Screw Head has a rounded or domed head. The slotted driver would tend to slip out of the head so in the 1930's the Phillips screw and screw driver was invented. Pan head slotted screws are a common head type of non-countersunk screw head used in machine screws. Made from 18-8 stainless steel, these metric button head screws have good chemical resistance and may be mildly magnetic. Various types of non-countersink screw heads commonly used are: 1. for pricing and availability. “Cheese head” screws are defined by their head type. Shop Now. Considering the invention likely predates the book by at least a few years, the mid to late 15th century is about as exact a birthday as it gets. One of the first applications of the screw principle was in presses for the extraction. naval vessels. C. 1930: The Supersonic combusting ramjet — Frank. 1-1/2 in. Robertson. Movable type and paper were invented in China, and printing with movable type was undertaken. Rybczynski found mention of the slotted screw in a technological treatise from 1588, in a book on metallurgy from 1556, and depicted on a pair of manacles in an illustration from the late 1400s. Made from A286 stainless steel, these metric screws provide the strength of alloy steel and the corrosion and chemical resistance of 18-8 stainless steel. Shank: shank is the smooth area of the fastener between the head and thread. The Robertson, or square-drive screw, which only recently gained acceptance in the United States, has been favored in Canada for decades. Experienced gamblers will sometimes want to play new games, but don't want to lose any. Both can be read about on this timeline. Inclined plane. That's why #2 screws need to die as well. These were made of wood with a flat rather than a pointed end, and a container to hold the material being pressed. Geesin (2015) shows that wrenches with screw adjustment of various kinds were well known in the early 19th century and that one by William Barlow in 1808 was prescient. In 1866, George McGill received U. The boat itself is 43 years old, the old screws were just missing when I bought it, along with a lot of other things that are worth money, like the portlights. It is not known if he made the sale or not, but the incident did drive Robertson to invent a better screw driver. 31 mm. Some were made of stone, like these soapstone irons from Italy. These irons were called sad irons because they were heavy, weighing about 15 lb (5. Tapping Screws. This type of bolt was named after the shape of a cane, similar to the shape of a candy cane or walking cane. Steel Thread-Cutting Small-Head Screwsfor Softwood and Plastic-Wood Composites. These scooter-boxes were seen as far back as the late 1800s, but it wasn’t until the 1950s when wooden pallets with clay wheels were popularized on the downhill slopes of Southern California. 3. In 1797, Englishmen, Henry Maudslay (1771-1831) invented a large screw-cutting lathe that made it possible to mass-produce accurately sized screws. The thread varies is depth and pitch all over the shaft and the shaft has no point. ONLY 11. By the late 17th century screws were common compo nents of firearms. L. Also known as flathead screws as the one slot is used by a flat screwdriver instead of a Philips screwdriver. Up until that time, almost all screws were “straight drive” or “slot head” screws. FastenMaster. In its modern form, the screwdriver was probably invented in England in about 1744. It's also easier to hold the screwdriver in. The reason the phillips screw was invented was to allow the screwdriver to "torque-out" of the screw rather than break the screw head off if you over-tighten it. This 17 piece kit includes 9 Flatheads/slotted screwdrivers and 7 Phillips screwdrivers plus a 4 in 1 pocket. Thompson who, in 1932, patented (#1,908,080) a recessed cruciform screw and in 1933, a screwdriver for it. While his boats were mechanically successful, Fitch failed to pay sufficient attention to construction and operating costs and was unable to justify the economic benefits of steam navigation. Robertson's came along when labor costs were increasing and when the length of time a product was on the line was a big cost factor. Also known as cross-head screwdrivers, Phillips screwdrivers are one of the most common types. The Wing. Entirely possible, but it's still fact that it cams out under significant torque, which is usually undesirable. It was invented in the 15th century in Europe and one of the most common types of screwdrivers. When screws were invented in the Middle Ages, they had a single purpose: to fasten things together. See moreScrews (and they were very often slotted screws) date back much earlier. Shawn Lifer. In 1847 the French nobleman Thierry des Estivaux invented a simple hand-held pencil sharpener in its recognizable modern form. 10-5). Robertson got to work on his idea right away, borrowed money to open a factory in Ontario, and started fulfilling orders.